Nation

Approaches to Political Development: (Nation-State Building in Southern Sudan) Introduction Political matters form an integral part of human life and almost every country across the world has its own political policies and systems controlling its national development agendas (Kingsbury 2007). Perhaps one of the most recently formed African nations is the Republic of Southern Sudan that became the world’s newest county after gaining independence after it split from the north following four decades of massive civil war (Maxwell et al. 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nation-State Building in Southern Sudan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since then, the Republic of Southern Sudan has been living under the consequences of the long civil conflict that has affected citizens’ livelihood, essential services, and even social protection. As a young nation, Southern Sudan currently has the best opportu nity to develop a peaceful nation and improve the lives of all its citizens (Lehtinen 2001). Since the four-decade war altered socio-political structures and relations, the Southern Sudan government kick-started the nation-building process immediately with several initiatives emerging. Hitherto, the country could not make any meaningful developments due to lack of freedom as the two elements intertwine (Sen 1997). This essay seeks to investigate the main criteria for political development and assess the extent of its implementation as it has applied in South Sudan. Sudan as a Nation-State: Efforts of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) Against background marred by civil war uncertainties that hampered almost every little human aspect in Southern Sudan, the devastated livelihood, political difficulties, and the fragmented social order required urgent recovery. The provision of humanitarian aid and peace consolidation and stability initiatives were essential to restore Southern Sudan to st able human civilisation. Economic and political restoration initiatives started during the prevalence of the civil war under a coalition arrangement that involved the political party, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), and a humanitarian program known as Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) (Maxwell et al. 2012). The Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) is a consortium of humanitarian organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food Program (WFP) among other humanitarian organisations (Lehtinen 2001). Over several years since its emergence in the 1990s, the OLS has continued to play an essential role in enhancing people’s livelihood, political, and social reform through humanitarian support. Notwithstanding the notion that western nations use humanitarian support to conquer political dimensions and plant their leadership agendas, the incumbent Southern Sudan government should be commended, as it has stood firm in supporting international aid. As Taylor-Robinson (2002) postulates, â€Å"It is unusual for an established government to allow international aid to the inhabitants of rebel-held areas, but the Sudanese government, although much criticised in the Western press, is an exception† (p. 49).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through the support of authorities in Khartoum, Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), which is a UN-sponsored organisation, has managed to deploy diplomatic and logistic support to Southern Sudan (Operation Lifeline Sudan 2002). Responsible for coordinating several human developments, including restoration of war distorted socio-political structures and relations, OLS has become an effective governance organisation as it has demonstrated considerable political impartiality (Ta ylor-Robinson 2002). The OLS has dutifully provided diplomatic cover and operational support for the underway humanitarian and emergency food support, including providing air transportation and protection for NGO operations. The presence of compassionate organisations has enabled the development of strategies and support to the Sudanese affected by the civil war and especially those residing in warring and rebel-held regions. As the political environment of Southern Sudan remained constantly tensional following the enduring civil war due to lack of proper political representation, economic exploitations, and revolutions against marginalisation of communities, OLS continuously played an essential socio-political function. Political rivalry in Southern Sudan was commencing despite the separation with Northern Sudan and OLS intervention has performed a vital political responsibility. According to Ashamu (2010), the cornerstone to political development currently witnessed in Southern Su dan entails the involvement of the OLS in tripartite agreements with other two important actors, viz. the Southern Sudanese government, which is commonly known as Government of South Sudan (GOSS), and the state government. Before the separation of Northern Sudan from Southern Sudan, the two-state governments (South Sudan and North Sudan) with equal political, social, and economic autonomy developed under the same National government (Sudan). The Nation-State Political development in Southern Sudan The terrible and devastating civil war in Sudan led to destruction of social-political structures and relations. The war-induced poverty, displaced populations, weakened kinship and dismantled community ties (Macrae et al. 1997). The civil war that existed from 1983 to 2005 killed approximately 2 million South Sudanese and displaced over 4 million people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nation-State Building in Southern Sudan specifically for you for only $ 16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequently, the war deteriorated traditional authorities, which were thus exposed to aggression, intimidation, and manipulation by the armed groups and Government of Sudan (GOS). The war ended in 2005 when the GOS and SPLM/A signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). This move gave a new wave of hope and anxiety to the South Sudanese whose primary war intent was to struggle in defending the customs, religions, languages, and communal property against Arabic and Islamic partial political exploitation. The signing of the CPA enabled a significant shift of external agencies from barely providing humanitarian aid to the longer-term development initiatives. The formation of state government and GOSS emerged from here when national and state governments developed. Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) Perhaps the main integral part of the Sudanese history is the reaching of consensus between the two governments to build everlasting peace through separation of the North and South Sudan. The CPA agreement comprised provisions that stipulated interventions of separating the religion and the state, referendum for secession, a separate army designed for the South, and an everlasting globally monitored peace agreement. Under the CPA, the agreement would delineate the 1956 border accord, religious, and ethnic diversity would be defended, joint military units would be deployed to safeguard territories, both South and North would have State-wide agreements and legislative chambers, and all protocols on power-sharing would be observed. Both signatories in this agreement recognised that violence and conflict are significant causes of tragic human loss and destruction of infrastructure. Particularly, the CPA mechanism wanted to address the source of conflict through establishing a permanent framework that aimed at providing governance in sharing power and wealth in Southern Sudan. Nation-state Political strategy implementation Immedia tely after reaching a concession to develop the government through two-state power divisions into national and state governments, state-building programs and initiatives started to enhance government capacity, strengthen its institutions, and improve the legitimacy of the Southern Sudan government (Cook Moro 2012). Under the agreeable conditions, the new nation of Southern Sudan was bound to combine the institutional and governance mechanisms that grew during the CPA interim era. The state-building process of the Southern Sudan entailed endogenous process of strengthening reciprocal relations that involved multiple national stakeholders negotiating and transforming political processes (Fukuyama 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The joint government approach involved shared government responsibilities between the Government of South Sudan (GOSS) and the Government of National Unity (GNU). Despite possessing different responsibilities as stipulated in the national regulations about the levels of government in the Southern Sudan, LeRiche and Arnold (2012) affirm that the two governments have shared vision and responsibilities in political settlements, conflict resolution, facilitating economic development, and other political processes that enable positive state-society relations including security and laws. From the pre-colonial regime of Sudan, the Egyptian-British rule in the 1956 was characterised by the element of centralisation of essential resources and political power in Khartoum and the neighbouring part of the Northern regions of Sudan (LeRiche Arnold 2004). Despite being fully independent, creating the rule of law and a justice system to govern essential activities of the state government and the national government processes were constrained by limited government capacity. The signing of the CPA has since then forced GOSS to undertake the process of developing laws and regulations that reflect the values and awareness of impartiality of the Southern Sudanese (Akongdit 2013). As an immediate mechanism for consolidating the national identity, military laws, international humanitarian laws, and human rights laws were key influences in developing the interim Constitution of Southern Sudan (Cook Moro 2012). Through their constitutional development legitimacy, GOSS has been working to clarify border issues and related situations through the ascertainment of legislations laws and customary regulations. Advances in political development (GOSS GONU) The signing of the CPA national accord between the Southern Sudanese and the northern Sudanese marked an important era when each of the nations gained nation autonomy. Southern Sudan is quickly recovering from the civil aftermath throu gh fixing important legislative and executive laws. Maxwell et al. (2012) assert, â€Å"One of the strengths of customary law is its ability to be adapted to a particular case in a particular context; it is not a fixed body of law but is constantly evolving and adapting† (p.13). Essential issues in the nation-state cooperation have become eminent in the Southern part of Sudan, which has demonstrated mature leadership through national democratisation following effective autonomy mandated by the State constitution (National Election Commission 2011). As their fellow counterparts in the North, under the tyrannical leadership of president Al-Bashir, continue lamenting about the lack of collaboration between the government and the humanitarian groups, donors in the South Sudan are working closely with GOSS (National Election Commission 2011). Recently observed is the influx of supportive initiatives. The interim constitution of the Southern Sudan has been paramount in the stabilis ation of political reforms anticipated by the Sudanese nationalists with democratic principles heavily observed. Under the stipulation of the CPA accord, the GOSS serves as an independent state under the GONU (Athorbei 2011). According to the interim constitution, the Government of Southern Sudan bears several responsibilities as an independent state. Under the constitutional mandate, the government of Southern Sudan consists of legislative, executive, and judicial duties and all functions are in accordance with the interim constitution (Akongdit 2013). Southern Sudan would exercise its political powers under the stipulations of the interim constitution while at the same time respecting the responsibilities accorded to the Government of National Unity. Several advances in socio-political development have emerged prior to the peace accord and the interim constitution (Akongdit 2013). With the support of the Department for International Development (DFID) country plan, the GOSS is aid ing in improving political approaches, especially towards restoration of peace and economic growth. Under the diplomatic governance spurred by the interim constitution, the GOSS has responsibilities in protecting the stipulations of the constitution including the bill of rights that constitute social justice, peace, equality, and democracy (Maxwell et al. 2012). More specifically, the GOSS considers the hope of the Southern Sudanese citizens in finding comprehensive solution that would address the social and economic deterioration in the country. This goal is being pursued mainly through replacing antagonism with political, social, and economic justice that recognises human and political rights of all the Southern Sudanese. The GOSS has the political responsibility of providing, in accordance with the interim constitution, diplomatic and peace negotiations, including referendum arrangements between the North and South Sudan (Maxwell et al. 2012). The GOSS is mandated responsibly to undertake negotiations with armed dissidents and provide maximum cooperation towards reconciliation and peace conferences necessitated by NGOs, development partners, as well as religious and traditional leaders (Kingsbury 2007). The GOSS has the political mandate to develop constitutions including the Peace Commission, institutions such as the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly (SSLA), and other government institutions that support diplomatic governance. Perceived significance of political development in Southern Sudan Since the advent of the interim constitution and the CPA peace accord, the Republic of South Sudan has witnessed substantial changes in political, social, and economic advancement despite relying too much on humanitarian support (Maxwell et al. 2012). Poverty, as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, has been part of the Southern Sudanese where human capital, poor health facilities, inadequate housing infrastructure, low and deprived national economic issues have become co mmon. However, giving each country its political autonomy and bringing the former combatants into the GONU has led to significant advancement in socio-political developments in Southern Sudan (Cook Moro 2012). Cases of war, political aggression, and human social abuses, including human insecurity concerns, have reduced considerably following the advent of the CPA strategies that aided the development of the interim constitution. The passionate cooperation accorded to the development agencies has led to significant improvement of government institutions, including educational associations and health organisations, among others (Cook Moro 2012). Politically, the levels of democracy have developed and subsequently improved where inclusivity in governance is becoming eminent. Here is Southern Sudan’s vision 2040: â€Å"By 2040, we aspire to build an exemplary nation: a nation that is educated and informed; prosperous, productive and innovative; compassionate and tolerant; free , just and peaceful; democratic and accountable; safe, secure and healthy; and united and proud† (Athorbei 2011, p.41) Conclusion Southern Sudan is the world’s newly independent country that became independent following the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed by the signatories of the Northern and Southern Sudan political combatants. Under the support of the Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), which was a United Nations’ (UN) umbrella organisation, the two combatants reached a peaceful ceasefire agreement that led to the end of a four-decade civil war. Southern Sudan became a decentralised nation with three levels of governments under the interim constitution that produced two autonomous political states (North and South Sudan). The nation-state government, which aimed at separating the Northern Sudan and Southern Sudan, has enabled substantial political developments that include making Southern Sudan an autonomous political state that shares limited econ omic resources with its counterparts. The Southern Sudanese have rigorously engaged in state-building to enhance capacity, governmental institutions, and legitimacy of the state of South Sudan. Politically, through the support of development agencies, the GOSS, under the CPA accord, is responsible for ensuring diplomatic and peace negotiations, reconciliation efforts, and implementation of the interim constitution. Reference List Akongdit, A. 2013, Impact of Political Stability on Economic Development: Case of South Sudan, Author House, London. Athorbei, D. 2011, Realising freedom, equality, justice, peace and prosperity for all. South Sudan Development Plan.  Web. Cook, T. Moro, L. 2012, Governing South Sudan: Opinions of South Sudanese on a Government, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington, D.C. Fukuyama, F. 2004, State Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Kingsbury, D. 2007, Political Developm ent, Rutledge, New York. Lehtinen, T. 2001, The European Union’s Political and Development Response to Sudan.  Web. LeRiche, M. Arnold, M. 2012, South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence, Hurst Publishers, London. Macrae, J., Jaspars, S., Duffield, M., Bradbury, M. Johnson, D. 1997, ‘Conflict, the continuum and chronic emergencies: a critical analysis of the scope for linking relief, rehabilitation and development planning in Sudan’, Disasters, vol. 21 no. 1, pp: 223–43. Maxwell, D., Gelsdorf, K. Santschi, M. 2012, Livelihoods, basic services and social protection in South Sudan. Web. National Election Commission: Factsheet: Levels of Government in Sudan and how they function 2011.  Web. Operation Lifeline Sudan: Southern Sector Annual Report 2002. Web. Sen, Amartya, 1999, Development as Freedom, Alfred A Knopf, New York. Taylor-Robinson, T. 2002, ‘Operation Lifeline Sudan’, Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 28 no.1, pp. 49-51. This essay on Nation-State Building in Southern Sudan was written and submitted by user Br0therh00d0fEv1lMutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Yo Ho, A Writers Life for Me Professor Ramos Blog

Yo Ho, A Writers Life for Me Act one, scene one. Interior, Heim family room, night. Fade in on a family of four about to press play on the DVD menu of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. A mom, Erin, and a dad, Rich, are talking to a young girl, Sammy. â€Å"We’ll tell you when there’s a scary part so you can close your eyes,† says Erin. Sammy is in first grade and about seven years younger than the suggested PG-13 rating, but she watches every second of the high-budget, large production pirate film and a buccaneer is born that night. Sammy, of course, is me. I had begged and begged my parents to let me watch the movie and after watching it first, they approved it for six-year-old me to try. They told me when I should shut my eyes and I ignored them so I wouldn’t miss a second of the adventure. I always needed to know what was going to happen next. My dad even tried to cover my eyes with his hand to protect me from particularly scary moments, but I would duck and dodge him every time, and instead of nightmares, I was given inspiration. I had never been a kid who showed more than mild interest in any one thing. I enjoyed princesses and cartoons and puppies as much as any other first grade girl, but I loved pirates. I thought they were the coolest. I wanted to be a pirate for Halloween every year, I carried a plastic sword around Disneyland instead of a princess wand, and wore my favorite hat everyday, a pink baseball cap with Jack Sparrow on it. If that hat still fit me today, I would probably be wearing it . However, the effect that the movie had on me was more than just a passion for the pirates themselves. I became interested in stories about or with pirates and I wanted to start telling my own. The first piece of fiction I ever wrote was about a young female pirate captain who gets marooned on an island of cannibals and has to blend in with the natives. I was in second grade and eagerly awaiting the second film of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and learning everything about it before it came out. I learned from the trailers that in this movie, Dead Man’s Chest, Captain Sparrow has a run-in with a tribe of cannibals, which is where I drew the inspiration. It wasn’t the violence that resonated with me, it was the promise of an exciting adventure. Pirates showed me everything a good story needed: suspense, action, romance, and a diverse cast of characters. I hadn’t quite reached an age yet where I could understand that the on-screen romanticization of pirates wasn’t a historically accurate portrayal. I didn’t care that pirates hurt people and stole things because that’s not what those movies were about. In the last century, pi rates, especially those of ‘the golden age of piracy’, have become symbols of freedom, adventure, and strength. My core values as a person are still centered around those things today, fifteen years since the first time I was immersed in the fantastic world of Disney pirates. Every year, a new film in the franchise was released, I loyally saw every single one right away- even as critics and mainstream audiences fell out of love with them. I’m the first to admit that the later films in the franchise are not cinematic masterpieces like the original, but I could never stop loving these movies. They have always served and will always serve as inspiration for my writing. Over the years, I continued to write stories of pirate girls which eventually evolved into fanfiction directly related to the films, and it was through fan sites dedicated to the movies that I started sharing my work with other people. There were people out there who were just as into Pirates as I was and they gave me a platform to share my writing and grow as a storyteller. About ten years after the original film was released, I took my first screenwriting class in my freshman year of high school. On our very first day, my teacher, Ms. Levine, passed around a few pages of a script that she said was a great introduction to the basics of screenwriting. Lo and behold, it was The Curse of the Black Pearl. She explained how the structure of the film could be considered a ‘perfect’ script in that it demonstrated everything she was going to teach us about the foundation of a good screenplay. The act structure, plot pacing, scene writing, and other screenwriting basics were all, in her exact words, â€Å"near flawless.† So imagine how easy it was for me to fall in love with screenwriting. I was already a storyteller, I was immediately taught how to write a script by studying my favorite film, and I was given a new medium to bring my passion to life. In that class, I wrote my first feature-length script about a girl with a proclivity for telling fantastical stories and a longing for adventure who gets swept up in a race for pirate treasure. She learns how to handle a sword, read a map, and sail a vessel, but most importantly she learns that self-confidence will carry her further than any ship can. That’s not the actual logline I used to pitch the movie to my class, but it is the most straightforward way to show how I mirrored my own life and view of myself into my writing- and ‘pirate fantasy’ was the obvious genre choice. Cut to: interior, bedroom, afternooon. Twenty-one-year-old Sammy sits at her desk, Jolly Roger tattoo visible on her shoulder. She’s typing furiously on her laptop. Above her desk is a framed movie poster- Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. She pauses her writing for a moment, scratching her head, and leaning back in her chair. A glance up at the poster, a small smile, and inspiration strikes her again. She continues writing. Fade to black, roll credits.

PREPARING THE FEASIBILITY STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PREPARING THE FEASIBILITY STUDY - Essay Example All of these factors are critical but sometimes, some of these factors are overshadowed by others because of some considerations that the business or organization might make. The organization under focus is a chain of retail stores that needs a software for processing sales transactions and managing its inventory. All the transactions will be backed up in the system’s main server that will be located in the business’ head office. This means that among other requirements for the software, it should be able to handle a huge volume of transactions, have high security levels as well as have high level of efficiency. Since the core function of the business is supply and retail, the system should give the business a competitive advantage by achieving very high levels of efficiency and significant cost reductions in business operations. These strategic reasons necessitate development of an in-house software that will be developed with the organization’s key requirements. The costs of developing, implementing and maintaining an in-house software can be high as compared to purchasing COTS but it has a longer economic life than a COTS. This is because COTS will require frequent updates from the vendors and this shortens their life. Developing an in-house software application is cost effective as the software will have only the desired features and functionalities. This is not the case in COTS as the business will pay for features they do not need while purchasing the COTS software (Ledeen, 2009). The developers will also have the opportunity to determine the level of software the retail chain needs based on its financial strength. This is usually a consideration made by the developers before they commence developing the software (Emery, 2007) . An in-house developed software will give the retail business more control over the software and the entire system. This is

Dangerous Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dangerous Method - Essay Example Conclusion 5. Work cited Dangerous Method Introduction Dangerous Method is a historical movie based on a non-fiction book â€Å"A Most Dangerous Method† written by Kerr John in 1993. It is a drama by genre, produced and directed by David Cronenberg in 2011. Christopher Hampton adapted the screenplay from his stage play, The Talking Cure cast in 2002. The starring of the movie includes Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, Vigo Mortensen, and Vincent Cassel. The movie is an early 20th century story, and the storyline revolves around Michael Fassbender as Carl Jung, Keira Knightley as Sabina Spielrein,Vigo Mortensen as Sigmund Freud, Vincent Cassel as Otto Gross and Sarah Gadon as Emmah Jung. A Dangerous method is a movie based on a book. In relation to three books, this paper will present how the passionate relationship Carl Jung had with Sigmund Freud eventually resulted to psychoanalysis. Movie overview In the movie Sabina Spielren is a young woman from Russia, who suffers fro m hysteria related to psychological problems. The woman had experienced a difficult past and her psychological problems link to her childhood where she had a violent father. The young woman is however, highly ambitious and intelligent and aspires to be a Doctor and a psychiatrist in the future. On arrival in Switzerland from Russia, Dr. Carl Jung based in a Zurich hospital takes her in and hospitalizes her (Kerr 14). Dr Jung has just started using a talking cure method of dealing with psychological problems, designed by Dr Sigmund Freud. He decides to use it on Sabina. Freud becomes Jung’s mentor, and they develop a father-son relationship. Freud is proud of Jung and sees him as a likely successor of his work. With time as Dr Jung talks to Sabina, he discovers that her condition associates with her childhood experiences with her father. As a child, she felt humiliated and sexual aroused when her short-tempered father took off all her clothes and spanked her. Her mother was al so unfaithful to her father, and she felt her father’s abuse was a way to release her anger (Freud 25). The knowledge that she did not deserve such a punishment, together with the abuse that humiliated her, worsened her condition. Doctor Jung also discovers that Sabina comes from an affluent Jewish family in Russia, which managed to educate her well. Sabina has ambitions to study medicine and become a psychiatric doctor. The head of hospital together with Dr Jung recognize her intelligence, and allow her to use their equipments to learn. She assists them in experiments on psychoanalysis and learns a lot about psychological problems (Kerr 32). As Sabina’s awareness becomes sharp, Dr Jung finds a liking for her and sees her as a kind person who has a unique perspective in life. The two get attracted to each other, and as the attraction grows, Dr Jung finds it difficult to resist the idea of having an affair with a patient. He also sees it as breaking of medical taboos, w hich condemn the act of having sex with a patient. Dr. Jung is a married to an aristocratic wife, Emmah Jung, and he is guilty but devoted to her at the same time. Eventually they fall in love and Sabina loses her virginity to Dr Jung. In their affair, Jung starts the habit of spanking Sabina. They become so close to each other, and Dr Jung becomes an advisor to her dissertation. As time goes by, Dr. Jung and Dr. Freud disagree and become rivals. Dr. Jung’s comments that the talking cure can only detect the psychological problem and not cure it, fuels this rivalry. Dr Jung names the method psychoanalysis, but Freud thinks that using O to make it psychoanalysis is better (Kerr 64). Finally, Dr Jung attempts to break off from the relationship and decides to revert it to the

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise Assignment

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise - Assignment Example Tayko company is almost dispatching their next mail out, the company want to flag out clients who are promotional receptive. This is important because it will help them reduce their cost and also maintain a good relationship with their customers by not becoming a bother to those who do not need the promotion. The company wishes to come up with a better and a targeted list by selecting their clients randomly and sending the trial promotion to them. The paper therefore, mine the data to assist Tayko identify the attributes of companies that show that they will respond positively to the mail-out. This will help improve the performance of mailing promotion. The attitude of the customer toward the product, and the perception of the company of origin are crucial factors when assessing the receptiveness of the customer. As the figures of younger, and high income clients with increasing demand for electronic products continues to grow, the market become interesting and the need on assessing the receptiveness of the clients to the company’s brands and business becomes very crucial. The receptive of the customers to the company’s goods is not considered a conventional framework when selecting the market. However it has crucial implications for the marketing department in sensitizing and assessing the standard, easily accessible risk indicators of commercials used. Tayko introduces the customer receptiveness as an added criterion in the specialized mechanism to the assessment of its customer’s relation. 2. Data pre-processing a) Therefore, the best indicator of the client’s receptiveness to the promotion is attribute number 25 describing the amount spent by client in test mailing in terms of dollars. b) Another attribute that could be selected as this, is the attribute that highlighted the client made purchases in test. The â€Å"test purchase request† will document the service pursuant of sales and has information on the clients name, a ddress, corporation, and firm where the customer’s request. Additionally, it contains the office mailing address, signature, title, name, and the telephone numbers for the client making the request. The attribute is also important because it contains the statement of the conduct nature under investigation. Also, it is crucial because it contains the statement that the service must be tendered at the place and time. c) There are other attributes that are not important in this project. Such attributes includes, â€Å"How many days ago was first update to customer record†, and the sequence number for the customer (Han & Kambe, 2006). The meaningless attributes creates a valued difference between the brands, and during the process. When the meaningless attributes are added they change the decision consumer structure, majorly if the differentiated attribute is hard to evaluate. This may make the consumers to infer the value of attributes. d) Some of the classification model that I designed using the Weka classifier is as shown in the figure below. The above is the visualization of the mailing promotion model. Data @attribute seq numeric @attribute US binary @attribute Freq numeric @attribute web_order {1, 0} @attribute Gender=male numeric @attribute Address_is_res binary @attribute Purchase {1, 0} @data 4, 200210, 200601, 0 5, 200301, 200601, 1 Calculation === Run information === Scheme: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR Relation: Ass3Data67_33 Instances: 1501 Attributes: 25 Seq US Source_1

The Youth And Islam Theology

The Youth And Islam Theology A man came to the Holy Prophet Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wasallam and said: My camel starts crying whenever i go into my bed for sleep, i do not know the reason behind it and i am very much worried. Holy Prophet Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wasallam asked him if he offers his Namaz e Isha. The man answered: No!I do not. Our Prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam told the man that your camel cries because he sees the fire under your bed when you go into it without offering your Namaz. The man offered his Namaz e Isha and that night, his camel did not cry anymore.[Muslim] This incident shows the importance of Namaz e Isha and there are many incidents which tell us about the importance of every Namaz. But today, people have forgotten their religion. They feel shame of acting upon it. They have restless nights and joyless life because they do not follow their religion. Especially our youth is going to the very wrong path, who has the responsibility of the nation on their shoulders. It is a ve ry terrible condition to be sight.

Most Significant Issues Facing Health Care Organizations Essay

Formed in 1998, the Managed Care Executive Group (MCEG) is a national organization of U.S. senior health executives who provide an open exchange of shared resources by discussing issues which are currently faced by health care organizations. In the fall of 2011, 61 organizations, which represented 90 responders, ranked the top ten strategic issues for 2012. Although the issues were ranked according to their priority, this report discusses the top three issues which I believe to be the most significant due to the need for competitive and inter-related products, quality care and cost containment. The Managed Care Executive Group (MCEG) The objective of the MCEG is to provide channels to exchange information between managed care/health plan information systems executives and to provide opportunity for personal networking. MCEG provides a forum to develop policy which relates to the use of information technology and healthcare. MCEG provides feedback to vendor sponsors and other vendors on the trends and types of technology needed to ensure that their products and strategies meet their customer’s present and future managed care needs. Additionally, their objective is to â€Å"educate executives on clinical and administrative trends in health care, new and emerging technologies, and other pertinent information to assist in achieving the key goals of cost containment, effective service and high quality health care.† (Why We Matter, 2011) Administrative Mandates (Compliance HIPAA 5010, ICDE-10) Administrative Mandates, including the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, ICD-10 and HIPAA 5010, are all part of administrative simplification and the need for systems optimiza... ...ntial in ACOs. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.healthmgttech.com/index.php/solutions/payers/eight-reasons-payer-interoperability-and-data-sharing-are-essential-in-acos.html Wise, N., & Taylor, F. (n.d.) Moving Forward With Reform: The Health Plan Pulse for 2012 and Beyond. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.htms.com/pdfs/MovingForwardWtihReform2012_HTMS_MCEG_Whitepaper.pdf Payer/Provider Inoperability. (2011). Retrieved January 13, 2012 from http://www.mceg.net/top-10/payer/ The Managed Care Executive Group. (2011). Retrieved January 13, 2012 from http://www.mceg.net/ Top 10 issues for health plans in 2011. (2011, April 5) Healthcare IT News. Retrieved January 13, 2011 from http://www.healthcareitnews.com/print/24881 Why We Matter. (2011). Retrieved January 13, 2012 from http://www.mceg.net/about-us/why-we-matter/

The nature of work

IntroductionThe nature of work is altering at whirlwind velocity. Job emphasis is defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the demands of the occupation do non fit the capablenesss, resources, or demands of the worker harmonizing to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . This type of emphasis can take to hapless wellness and hurt. Stress is a misfit between a worker ‘s demands and capablenesss, and what the workplace offers and demands. The National Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC ) identified emphasis as the most important psychological jeopardy in the workplace, impacting both mental and physical wellbeing of people. Work-related emphasis is the natural reaction of people to being put under intense force per unit area at work over a period of clip. Some people are motivated by the challenges that their occupation demands and when get the better ofing those challenges there is a sense of relaxation and achievem ent. It is when the force per unit area of work demands becomes utmost and stretched out, that people see that there is a menace to their well-being or involvements and that is so they start to be subjected to unpleasant emotions such as fright, choler or anxiousness. Stress is non a disease or hurt, but it can take to mental and physical ailment wellness. Stress is one of the major OHS issues facing workers in Australian workplaces. The ACTU conducted a study in 1997 receiving over 12,000 responses that showed:One in four people took clip off due to emphasize at work.The most nerve-racking conditions at work reported were direction issues including deficiency of communicating and audience ; increased work load ; organisational alteration and restructuring ; and occupation insecurity.A scope of symptoms including concerns, continual fatigue, choler, and wakefulness.Over half of the respondents nominated better direction, including more communicating and audience, as a solution to em phasize at work. Other solutions included less workload, public presentation monitoring, better work organisation, more preparation, occupation security, and better calling chances.Stressors are events or fortunes that lead to person feeling that physical or psychological demands are about to transcend his or her ability to get by. There are legion types of stressors. These stressors can be because of the type of occupation such as displacement work and menace of force. Another stressor can originate because of the manner the occupation is organized, this can include physical factors ( inordinate heat, cold, noise ) and physiological factors that can impact the organic structure ‘s balance ( shift work, unequal restorative clip, etc. ) . Stressors can look because of the unrealistic deadlines because inordinate work demands. They can besides develop because of personal factors ( wellness position, relationships, get bying with hard state of affairss ) .SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSStress is a complex issue and no two persons will be affected in the same manner. Stress can be thought of as a â€Å"bucket† theoretical account. The pail theoretical account suggests that emphasis and weariness consequence when a individual ‘s reservoir of personal resiliency is drained faster than it is replenished. Interesting work, supportive relationships, and good wellness make full the pail, and hard on the job conditions, emotionally run outing work, extra work, and troubles at place can run out the pail. Some marks and symptoms that one needs to watch out for if they start to experience stressed is that employees feel dying and their bosom rate velocities up because of the deficiency of control over the work load sums. There are physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms that directors or anyone in control of the organisation needs to be cognizant of. The physical symptoms include concerns, tummy jobs, eating upsets, sleep perturbations, weariness, and chronic mild unwellness. The psychological and behavioural symptoms include anxiousness, crossness, low morale, depression, intoxicant and drug usage, and isolation from colleagues. If employees are exposed to these stressors for long periods of clip they can turn into chronic wellness jobs. The physical conditions can progress into high blood force per unit area, bosom disease, shot, diabetes, asthma, and immune system disfunction. The psychological and behavioural symptoms can come on to serious depression, self-destructive behaviour, domestic force, intoxicant and substance maltreatment and burnout.SOURCES/CAUSES OF JOB STRESSHarmonizing to Aetna, there is one school of idea, differences in single features such as personality and get bying with manner are the most of import in foretelling whether certain occupation conditions will ensue in emphasis – in other words, what is nerve-racking for one individual may non be a job for person else. There are different occupation condition s that may take to emphasize. These occupation conditions include design of undertakings, direction manner, interpersonal relationships, work functions, calling concerns, and environmental conditions. The design of the undertaking is anything that provides small sense of control to the employee, heavy work load, and long work hours, feverish and everyday undertakings that have small built-in significance. Another occupation status that leads to emphasize is the manner of direction. The direction manner could be due to hapless communicating in the organisation, deficiency of family-friendly policies, and a deficiency of engagement by workers in determination devising. Interpersonal relationship can do an employee emphasis because of the undermentioned possible factors: hapless societal environment and a deficiency of support from coworkers and supervisors. Having excessively many work functions is another occupation status that could do an employee emphasis. This can go on when the e mployee is have oning excessively many chapeaus, holding excessively much duty, or unsure occupation outlooks. Another occupation status that can do emphasis to an employee is career concerns. The deficiency of occupation insecurity, chance for growing, or rapid alterations in which the workers are unprepared. The last occupation status that can do emphasis is the environment. The environmental conditions such as crowding, noise, air pollution or ergonomic jobs are conditions that human resource is traveling to hold to take into consideration. The causes of emphasis ( frequently called stressors ) can be many and varied, and can happen as a consequence of combinations of more than one stressor. The PEF have a list of other stressors that can do emphasis. They include engaging freezings ; contingent work ( parttime or impermanent ) , quality plans and these can take to emphasize. These include non-existent calling ladders, high demands, work load, clip force per unit areas, understaf fing and violence/harassment. Short-run emphasis may do a individual cognizant of being challenged and motivated. This is â€Å"some emphasis is good for you† consequence. Prolonged consciousness of non get bying can take to harm for both the individual and the organisation. This can ensue in immediate safety jobs, depression, burnout, bosom disease, and self-abusive behaviours ( such as intoxicant ) .Stress FROM Making THE JOBMost stressors can be grouped into one of three countries ; emphasis from making the occupation, emphasis from work relationships, and emphasis from working conditions. Stress from making the occupation can be attributed to insistent work, excessively much to make with excessively small clip, excessively much or non adequate preparation, demotion, confusion of precedences and excessively much duty. Poor colleague relationships, favoritism, deficiency of communicating between employer and employee, and negative civilization can be the beginning for emphasis from work relationships. St ress from working conditions can be rooted in the physical danger or the menace of the occupation, hapless physical working conditions, restructuring, and inflexible work agendas or fickle hours.JOB STRESS AND HEALTHJob emphasis poses a menace to wellness of workers and to the wellness organisations. There are possible wellness jobs that if exposed to excessively much emphasis can increase the hazard for. The early warning marks that one possibly sing excessively much emphasis. These marks are concerns, sleep perturbations, trouble concentrating, short pique, disquieted tummy, occupation dissatisfaction, and low morale. If these early warning marks go unnoticed so there are more serious jobs that can originate. These jobs include cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal upsets, psychological upsets, workplace hurt, self-destruction, malignant neoplastic disease, ulcers, and impaired immune map. As degrees of emphasis addition, so excessively can consumption of intoxicant, coffin nail s and prescription/non-prescription drugs.WHAT CAN Be DONE ABOUT JOB STRESSThere are some different attacks for covering with emphasis. They are stress direction and organisational alteration. With stress direction there are plans that teach workers about the nature and beginnings of emphasis, the effects of emphasis on wellness, and personal accomplishments to cut down emphasis. Employee aid plans ( EAP ) are initiated to better the ability of workers to get by with hard work state of affairss. EAP ‘s provide single guidance for employees with both work and personal jobs. Stress direction preparation could significantly cut down emphasis symptoms and is cheap to implement. Stress direction has two disadvantages: the good effects on emphasis symptoms are frequently ephemeral ; and they frequently ignore of import root causes of emphasis because they focus on the worker and non the environment. The 2nd attack for covering with emphasis is organisational alteration. This attack is the most direct manner to cut down emphasis at work. It encompasses the designation of nerve-racking facets of work and plan schemes to cut down or extinguish the recognized stressors. The advantage of this attack is that it deals straight with the root causes of emphasis at work. This attack can be slippery for directors because it means altering work or production agendas, or alterations in the construction of the organisation. As a general regulation, actions to cut down occupation emphasis should give top precedence to organisational alteration to better working conditions. The practical attack to covering with job-related emphasis is to unite organisational alteration and emphasis direction to forestall emphasis at work. Pull offing jobs around emphasis and weariness requires the same accomplishments and behaviours as pull offing any other employment relationship jobs:The parties need to pass on, work together, and happen a solution that both find satisfactory ;Deal with jobs before they escalate ;Make sure that you have all the facts, speak the issue through with the all involved, and place the implicit in job ;Have a 3rd party nowadays so that they could assist do certain that all issues are understood by both parties and all likely solutions are taken into history ;Employers who need aid can confer with an Employers ‘ Organization.WHAT LAWS APPLYStress becomes an occupational jeopardy if it adversely impacts on safety and wellness in the workplace. Employers have a responsibility to supply safe systems of work, information, preparation and supervising and to confer with and collaborate with employees. Employees have a responsibility to take sensible attention of themselves in the workplace a nd to collaborate with the employer on safety and wellness affairs. Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 requires employers, where operable, to follow a systematic attack to identifying, measuring and commanding jeopardies at work ; employers should place factors in the workplace that cause emphasis, reexamine the likeliness that the emphasis would do hurt or disease, and if the hazards are important they should set controls in topographic point to minimise emphasis.HOW ARE THE RISKS ARISING FROM STRESS ASSESSEDAs of today, there is no nonsubjective manner to mensurate the degrees of emphasis in the workplace, but there are advisers that can mensurate the beginnings of emphasis and set into topographic point subjective steps for the workplace. These solutions will differ based on the size and elaborateness of the organisation, resources available, and the different types of emphasis faced within that organisation. Minimizing emphasis can be cheap. The employer, chief cont ractor, freelance individual, or anyone with control in the work topographic point, it is their duty of measuring the sum of emphasis within an organisation. This involves taking action to forestall turning force per unit area in the workplace, placing force per unit areas that could do high, durable degrees of emphasis, placing those that might be affected by these force per unit areas, and make up one's minding whether to take preventive action to forestall turning force per unit area. It is of import that there is early intercession if emphasis is identified.STRATEGIES FOR SOLUTIONSIf the company is in a brotherhood so employers need to acquire the affected members to work together with brotherhood representatives to turn to the ground ( s ) for job-related emphasis. The first thing that needs to go on is that the job needs to be documented that includes worker studies, jeopardy function, analysing bing employer informations such as hurt and illness logs or tracking staffing form s. If direction coaction is possible, the brotherhood, affected worker, and direction can come together to place cardinal stressors and develop plans to cut down emphasis. This is normally done through wellness and safety and labor/management commissions, preparation and educational plans. Schemes may include affecting workers in occupation and workplace design, holding input on displacement agendas, and/or developing a workplace force bar policy or plan. If direction is non collaborating, the brotherhood can execute its ain run by keeping equal group meetings, registering mass grudges, or prosecute in public consciousness run.Directors ‘ AND EMPLOYERS ‘ RESPONSIBILITIESAs a director and employer you have certain duties and have a responsibility to look after your ain wellness every bit good as the wellness of your employees. The Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) suggests that you carry out a hazard appraisal to happen out whether you are making plenty to forestall emp hasis, and has identified seven factors for measuring work-related emphasis jeopardies:Culture of the organisations,Demands such as work load and exposure to physical jeopardies,How much control people have over the manner they work,Relationships,How organisational alteration is managed and communicated,Whether the single understands their function in the organisation and whether the organisation ensures that the individual does non hold conflicting functions, andSupport and preparation from equals and line direction for the individual to be able to set about the nucleus maps of their occupation.DecisionStress can impact everyone. Work organisations need to develop a workplace civilization that recognizes that occupation satisfaction factors such as flexibleness, liberty, security, acknowledgment, ownership, engagement, and engagement are every bit indispensable as stable industrial dealingss. Employers in such organisations should hold no uncertainty that wellness, safety, security , and morale are inextricably linked to employee satisfaction, productiveness, and client satisfaction. Stress should non be portion of a occupation to the extent that it causes physical or mental unwellness. The solution is good direction on both sides.

Free Essays on Overpopulation In Prisons

Overpopulation in Prisons According to Allen J. Beck, Ph.D an estimated 1,585,400 persons were incarcerated in the United States in 1995 and that since 1985 the total number of inmates in the State and Federal prisons has grown 8.3 percent annually. (Beck, 1) The prisons in the United States are seeing about 45,000 new inmates each year. Greg Botonis, writer for the Los Angeles Daily News, says â€Å"Since the first year [California State Prison] opened, more than 4,000 inmates have been assigned to the prison designed for 2,200, and the population explosion has been especially great since spring.† (Botonis, 1) Those are pretty big numbers. From 1994 to 1995 Iowa’s prison population alone grew 8.6 percent. How can the government afford to keep putting this many people in prison? That’s right, the taxpayers are paying for it. Overpopulation in prisons impacts negatively on staff morale and on the services rendered, it also is the cause for abnormally high maintenance costs of pris on facilities. Why are we having problems with crowding in our prisons? The overpopulation problems in the prisons are due to mandatory minimum sentencing laws which was brought out by the anti-drug abuse act of 1986. This law states that judges are required to use minimum sentences on offenders based on the type and quantity of the drug involved. Last year over half a million Americans were arrested for marijuana offenses and now most of them are in our prisons. Overpopulation in prisons has lead to the need for new prisons to be built. Which means even more money is needed from the taxpayers. Just for one inmate to stay in a federal prison for one month it costs about $1,910. The cost for building a new prison facility can vary from fifteen to sixty million dollars. The taxpayers are giving prisoners pretty much a free ride. Prisoners have it better than most American citizens. These prisoners get to have all of their utilities ... Free Essays on Overpopulation In Prisons Free Essays on Overpopulation In Prisons Overpopulation in Prisons According to Allen J. Beck, Ph.D an estimated 1,585,400 persons were incarcerated in the United States in 1995 and that since 1985 the total number of inmates in the State and Federal prisons has grown 8.3 percent annually. (Beck, 1) The prisons in the United States are seeing about 45,000 new inmates each year. Greg Botonis, writer for the Los Angeles Daily News, says â€Å"Since the first year [California State Prison] opened, more than 4,000 inmates have been assigned to the prison designed for 2,200, and the population explosion has been especially great since spring.† (Botonis, 1) Those are pretty big numbers. From 1994 to 1995 Iowa’s prison population alone grew 8.6 percent. How can the government afford to keep putting this many people in prison? That’s right, the taxpayers are paying for it. Overpopulation in prisons impacts negatively on staff morale and on the services rendered, it also is the cause for abnormally high maintenance costs of pris on facilities. Why are we having problems with crowding in our prisons? The overpopulation problems in the prisons are due to mandatory minimum sentencing laws which was brought out by the anti-drug abuse act of 1986. This law states that judges are required to use minimum sentences on offenders based on the type and quantity of the drug involved. Last year over half a million Americans were arrested for marijuana offenses and now most of them are in our prisons. Overpopulation in prisons has lead to the need for new prisons to be built. Which means even more money is needed from the taxpayers. Just for one inmate to stay in a federal prison for one month it costs about $1,910. The cost for building a new prison facility can vary from fifteen to sixty million dollars. The taxpayers are giving prisoners pretty much a free ride. Prisoners have it better than most American citizens. These prisoners get to have all of their utilities ...

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays

Letter From Birmingham Jail Analysis essays Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote the Letter From Birmingham Jail in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time. The Letter From Birmingham Jail discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham. In order to justify his desire for racial justice and equality, Martin Luther King, Jr. uses appeals to emotion, ethical appeals, and logical appeals. The thesis, which is located in the second and third paragraphs, states that although Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is not from Birmingham, he needs to be there because of the many injustices whites do toward Blacks. By helping the people of Birmingham he helps people from everywhere because injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (Pg. 718). Dr. Kings thesis explains the reason for his involvement in the non-violent direct-action demonstrations. The thesis gives good reason for the Negroes desire to have equal rights. One way that King supports his thesis is by using appeals to emotion. In the Letter From Birmingham Jail King writes of all the terrible things that the whites have done to the Negroes. He also talks about how tough it is on children to learn the discriminations blacks go through: When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people.... (Pg. 720) This use of appeal is very effective because it give the reader an issue which most can relate to. Parents with children can feel the pain...

Biological significance of water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biological significance of water - Essay Example Water is found on the earth in three forms: solid, liquid and gas; or ice, liquid water and gas respectively. It is essential for all living things and it is often referred to as a universal solvent because many substances dissolve in it. These unique properties of water result from the ways in which individual H2O molecules interact with each other.Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Oxygen attracts electrons much more strongly than hydrogen, resulting in a net positive charge on the hydrogen atoms, and a net negative charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of a charge on each of these atoms gives each water molecule a net dipole moment. Electrical attraction between water molecules due to this dipole pulls individual molecules closer together, making it more difficult to separate the molecules and therefore raising the boiling point. This attraction is known as hydrogen bo nding. Water can be described as a polar liquid that dissociates disproportionately into the hydronium ion (H3O+(aq)) and an associated hydroxide ion (OH(aq)). Water is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid, gas and solid states at standard temperature and pressure, and is the only pure substance found naturally on Earth to be so. Water's has a melting point of zero degrees and boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius respectively. These properties are higher than would be expected based on similar compounds. Thus, water remains a liquid under a higher range of temperature compared to other compounds. As a result, plants and animals do not start freezing at lower temperatures or boiling at higher temperatures. Viscosity Because of its comparatively smaller molecular weight, it is unusually viscous. Water has the ability to act as either an acid or a base depending on the circumstances, and by its nature it is perfectly neutral (it's the standard for balance between acids and alkalines [bases]). Universal Solvent Water is the most universal of solvents and though polar in its make up, it exhibits properties that indicate a sort of polymerizing link between its molecules similar to heavier organic non-polar compounds. Existence in three forms: solid, liquid, gas It exists on earth in all three basic states, solid, liquid, and gas, High Heat capacity Water is also extremely useful due to its high heat capacity. It has an enormous ability to absorb and transmit energy. For example the amount of energy it would take to melt 1 kilogram of ice at zero degrees Celius would be enough to lower the temperature of 1 kilogram of Aluminum over 570 degrees Celsius. While the amount of heat it would take to melt that kilogram of ice, heat it and boil away, 720 Calories, would be enough to raise that same amount of Aluminum to its melting point! This is why water is ideal as a insulation or a heat dissipation source. It holds more heat than just about anything. Easily reacts with other compounds Water reacts with more substances than any other compound. It reacts physically with several compounds to add to their crystal structure. Compounds like copper and magnesium sulfate are two examples of many compounds that almost always found in nature with water molecules physically attached to their crystal structure. These type of compounds are often "dried out" or dehydrated and used to absorb water from their surroundings. Some of these compounds, have water as such an important part of their structure that they will even extract all available moisture from the air. These compound are natural dehumidifiers, dependent on water to complete their structure.

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Essay - 2

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 - Essay Example JCAHO is an independent, nonprofit organization and they carry out quality assessments at 5,000 US hospitals and 6,000 US health care facilities every three years. (AmericanHospital.com, 2008) It would be in the invested owner’s best interest to attain accreditation regardless because any reimbursement from government entities such as Medicare or Medicaid will still require regulation of care. It also gives a certain feeling of trust to know that the hospital has passed stringent rules on healthcare. The for-profit corporation is liable for any fiscal or legal issues, and not an individual. As a for-profit organization, the hospitals best interests are usually managed by board of directors and act in the interest of shareholders (if stocks are issued) or the invested owners. A big advantage of for-profit health care is their ability to respond to the demands of patients and employers. â€Å"†¦a large, nonprofit, staff-model health plan grew rapidly in southern California in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a result of affordable prices, its leaders froze enrollment for several years because of limited capacity. A competitively driven, for-profit, publicly traded organization would have found new capital and expanded its capacity to meet the needs of consumers.† (Hasan, 1996). Taking care of patients in private practice without the risk of influence from a government entity allows doctors and hospital partners design and manage the best quality delivery system they can assemble. Interestingly enough a for-profit hospital can receive Medicare subsidies (with proper accreditation), increasing their ability to profit. But the disadvantage to the for-profit is deeper scrutiny from the public and media for corporate financial scandals. Another disadvantage is that to retain quality medical care (i.e. trained doctors) the total costs are higher. (Woolhandler,